pizzasql/sql-92.bnf

-- SQL-92 BNF Grammar Reference (Simplified)
-- This is a reference for implementing the PizzaSQL parser.

-- Statements
<statement> ::=
    <select-statement>
  | <insert-statement>
  | <update-statement>
  | <delete-statement>
  | <create-table-statement>
  | <drop-table-statement>

-- SELECT Statement
<select-statement> ::=
    SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT ] <select-list>
    [ <from-clause> ]
    [ <where-clause> ]
    [ <group-by-clause> ]
    [ <having-clause> ]
    [ <order-by-clause> ]
    [ <limit-clause> ]

<select-list> ::=
    <asterisk>
  | <select-item> [ { <comma> <select-item> }... ]

<select-item> ::=
    <expression> [ [ AS ] <column-alias> ]
  | <table-name> <period> <asterisk>

<from-clause> ::=
    FROM <table-reference> [ { <comma> <table-reference> }... ]

<table-reference> ::=
    <table-name> [ [ AS ] <table-alias> ]
  | <table-reference> <join-type> <table-reference> <join-condition>

<join-type> ::=
    [ INNER ] JOIN
  | LEFT [ OUTER ] JOIN
  | RIGHT [ OUTER ] JOIN
  | FULL [ OUTER ] JOIN
  | CROSS JOIN
  | NATURAL JOIN

<join-condition> ::=
    ON <search-condition>
  | USING <left-paren> <column-name-list> <right-paren>

<where-clause> ::=
    WHERE <search-condition>

<group-by-clause> ::=
    GROUP BY <expression-list>

<having-clause> ::=
    HAVING <search-condition>

<order-by-clause> ::=
    ORDER BY <order-item> [ { <comma> <order-item> }... ]

<order-item> ::=
    <expression> [ ASC | DESC ]

<limit-clause> ::=
    LIMIT <expression> [ OFFSET <expression> ]

-- INSERT Statement
<insert-statement> ::=
    INSERT INTO <table-name>
    [ <left-paren> <column-name-list> <right-paren> ]
    <insert-source>

<insert-source> ::=
    VALUES <values-list>
  | <select-statement>

<values-list> ::=
    <left-paren> <expression-list> <right-paren>
    [ { <comma> <left-paren> <expression-list> <right-paren> }... ]

-- UPDATE Statement
<update-statement> ::=
    UPDATE <table-name>
    SET <assignment-list>
    [ <where-clause> ]

<assignment-list> ::=
    <assignment> [ { <comma> <assignment> }... ]

<assignment> ::=
    <column-name> <equals> <expression>

-- DELETE Statement
<delete-statement> ::=
    DELETE FROM <table-name>
    [ <where-clause> ]

-- CREATE TABLE Statement
<create-table-statement> ::=
    CREATE TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] <table-name>
    <left-paren>
        <table-element> [ { <comma> <table-element> }... ]
    <right-paren>

<table-element> ::=
    <column-definition>
  | <table-constraint>

<column-definition> ::=
    <column-name> <data-type> [ <column-constraint>... ]

<data-type> ::=
    INTEGER | INT | SMALLINT | BIGINT
  | REAL | FLOAT | DOUBLE
  | NUMERIC [ <left-paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right-paren> ]
  | DECIMAL [ <left-paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right-paren> ]
  | TEXT
  | VARCHAR [ <left-paren> <length> <right-paren> ]
  | CHAR [ <left-paren> <length> <right-paren> ]
  | CHARACTER [ <left-paren> <length> <right-paren> ]
  | BLOB
  | BOOLEAN
  | DATE | TIME | TIMESTAMP | DATETIME

<column-constraint> ::=
    PRIMARY KEY
  | NOT NULL
  | UNIQUE
  | DEFAULT <expression>
  | REFERENCES <table-name> [ <left-paren> <column-name> <right-paren> ]
  | AUTOINCREMENT

<table-constraint> ::=
    [ CONSTRAINT <constraint-name> ]
    (   PRIMARY KEY <left-paren> <column-name-list> <right-paren>
      | UNIQUE <left-paren> <column-name-list> <right-paren>
      | FOREIGN KEY <left-paren> <column-name-list> <right-paren>
            REFERENCES <table-name> <left-paren> <column-name-list> <right-paren>
      | CHECK <left-paren> <search-condition> <right-paren>
    )

-- DROP TABLE Statement
<drop-table-statement> ::=
    DROP TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] <table-name> [ { <comma> <table-name> }... ]

-- Expressions
<expression> ::=
    <or-expression>

<or-expression> ::=
    <and-expression>
  | <or-expression> OR <and-expression>

<and-expression> ::=
    <not-expression>
  | <and-expression> AND <not-expression>

<not-expression> ::=
    NOT <not-expression>
  | <comparison-expression>

<comparison-expression> ::=
    <additive-expression>
  | <additive-expression> <comparison-operator> <additive-expression>
  | <additive-expression> IS [ NOT ] NULL
  | <additive-expression> [ NOT ] IN <in-value>
  | <additive-expression> [ NOT ] BETWEEN <additive-expression> AND <additive-expression>
  | <additive-expression> [ NOT ] LIKE <additive-expression> [ ESCAPE <additive-expression> ]

<comparison-operator> ::=
    <equals> | <not-equals> | <less-than> | <greater-than>
  | <less-than-or-equals> | <greater-than-or-equals>

<in-value> ::=
    <left-paren> <expression-list> <right-paren>
  | <left-paren> <select-statement> <right-paren>

<additive-expression> ::=
    <multiplicative-expression>
  | <additive-expression> <plus> <multiplicative-expression>
  | <additive-expression> <minus> <multiplicative-expression>
  | <additive-expression> <concat> <multiplicative-expression>

<multiplicative-expression> ::=
    <unary-expression>
  | <multiplicative-expression> <asterisk> <unary-expression>
  | <multiplicative-expression> <slash> <unary-expression>
  | <multiplicative-expression> <percent> <unary-expression>

<unary-expression> ::=
    <primary-expression>
  | <minus> <unary-expression>
  | <plus> <unary-expression>

<primary-expression> ::=
    <literal>
  | <column-reference>
  | <function-call>
  | <case-expression>
  | <cast-expression>
  | <exists-expression>
  | <left-paren> <expression> <right-paren>
  | <left-paren> <select-statement> <right-paren>

<literal> ::=
    <number>
  | <string>
  | NULL
  | TRUE
  | FALSE

<column-reference> ::=
    [ <table-name> <period> ] <column-name>

<function-call> ::=
    <function-name> <left-paren>
        [ [ DISTINCT ] <expression-list> | <asterisk> ]
    <right-paren>

<case-expression> ::=
    CASE [ <expression> ]
        <when-clause>...
        [ ELSE <expression> ]
    END

<when-clause> ::=
    WHEN <expression> THEN <expression>

<cast-expression> ::=
    CAST <left-paren> <expression> AS <data-type> <right-paren>

<exists-expression> ::=
    EXISTS <left-paren> <select-statement> <right-paren>

-- Lists
<expression-list> ::=
    <expression> [ { <comma> <expression> }... ]

<column-name-list> ::=
    <column-name> [ { <comma> <column-name> }... ]

-- Tokens
<table-name> ::= <identifier>
<column-name> ::= <identifier>
<table-alias> ::= <identifier>
<column-alias> ::= <identifier>
<function-name> ::= <identifier>
<constraint-name> ::= <identifier>

<identifier> ::=
    <regular-identifier>
  | <delimited-identifier>

<regular-identifier> ::= <letter> [ { <letter> | <digit> | <underscore> }... ]
<delimited-identifier> ::=
    <double-quote> <character>... <double-quote>
  | <backtick> <character>... <backtick>
  | <left-bracket> <character>... <right-bracket>

<number> ::= <integer> | <float>
<string> ::= <single-quote> <character>... <single-quote>

-- Symbols
<left-paren> ::= (
<right-paren> ::= )
<comma> ::= ,
<period> ::= .
<semicolon> ::= ;
<asterisk> ::= *
<plus> ::= +
<minus> ::= -
<slash> ::= /
<percent> ::= %
<concat> ::= ||
<equals> ::= =
<not-equals> ::= <> | !=
<less-than> ::= <
<greater-than> ::= >
<less-than-or-equals> ::= <=
<greater-than-or-equals> ::= >=